Darwin's Dangerous Ideas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Forms of Business Paper Free Essays

Authoritative documents of Business Paper Law/531 June third, 2011 University of Phoenix Legal Forms of Business Paper Selecting the best type of working a business relies upon the kind of business the proprietor needs to run. The proprietors need to pick the structure that best addresses their issues. â€Å"The choice relies upon numerous elements, including the straightforwardness and cost of arrangement, the capital necessities of the business, the adaptability of the board choices, government limitations, individual obligation, charge contemplations, and the like† (Henry Cheeseman, 210, p. We will compose a custom article test on Authoritative documents of Business Paper or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now 529) In addition, picking the correct structure to maintain a business will likewise decide how the business is composed, how the income is, and how the business is burdened. â€Å"The most basic types of business association are: sole ownership, general organization, restricted association, constrained risk organizations, restricted obligation organization, and corporation† (Henry Cheeseman, 210, p. 529). As per the circumstance given, the best structure is constrained organization. Constrained organization alludes to the kinds of proprietors the business will have, head supervisors and restricted accomplices (speculators). In this sense, Monica, and Susan will be the chiefs of the organizations since the two of them will work the business with their aptitudes, Susan with her PC illustrations abilities and Monica with her advertising aptitudes. Though Vic will be the speculator giving some funding to maintain the business, she won't be a piece of the board; Vic will go about as an aloof financial specialist. In restricted association, administrators have boundless obligation and the speculators have risk to up the measure of their capital commitments. General accomplices will control ordinary exercises in the business. Monica and Susan will be dependable of the business obligations too. Regardless of, restricted organization is more mind boggling than general association; this is the best structure to meet Vic’s, Monica’s and Susan’s needs. Vic will have constrained individual risk for business obligations as long as she will pass on the board. Monica and Susan will have the chance of fund-raising without including outside speculators once they can consolidate enough cash to show the business to themselves. Sole ownership was blocked in light of the fact that the business will be controlled by Monica and Susan on the grounds that they have the fundamental aptitudes to be fruitful business people. In this situation, Vic will give capital and will play a uninvolved job in dealing with the business, she ledge acquire benefits on account of her association in the business. For not confronting a few issues among them, they should arrive at an understanding commonly written to state how offers will be taken care of; this is normal called a restricted association understanding. â€Å"This understanding presents the rights and obligations of the general and restricted accomplices; the terms and conditions with respect to the tasks, end, and disintegration of the association; thus on† (Henry Cheeseman, 210, p. 547). The restricted organization understanding will present the exchanges that chiefs and financial specialists can endorse. This record likewise expresses the how profit and misfortunes will be circulated among the accomplices. Constrained accomplices have likewise the privilege of being educated by head supervisors about the business execution and the business monetary status. In the event that Susan or Monica needs to concede another accomplice, the new possibility to work the business can be incorporated if Vic affirms this, except if the understanding report states in any case. Constrained organization is anything but difficult to set up, and to claim financial specialists as restricted accomplices. This understanding is acceptable to set courses of action for general accomplices to utilize their aptitudes, and to dynamic with respect to the business. Constrained accomplices can drop the business without the requirement for the restricted accomplice to be broken up. The business type of company was not chosen in view of the way toward framing a partnership requires some serious energy and cash, contrasted and the rest business structures. Companies are regularly reviewed by the administration and need to manage more desk work to conform to the guidelines of the states in which the business will run. Likewise, in partnerships profits paid o investors are not deductible from the business salary; it might turn out burdening this pay twice. Enterprise is a business structure more costly to make than sole ownership or organization. There is more desk work in company than different types of business. Organization conveys a few assessment hindrances, and pays burdens on its own salary. While constrained risk organization was not picked in view of the inconveniences it offers for this sort of business that Vic, Susan, and Monica need to run. Restricted obligation organization is more costly to make and to keep up than sole ownership and association. In this type of business in the event that one accomplice leaves, the business is disintegrated. Restricted organization is a decent strategy for Vic, Susan, and Monica to utilize the constrained association as a type of business on account of the points of interest it presents for their great. Through this business structure, they can impart the benefits to at least exertion. This structure is likewise simple to draw in speculators. Monica and Susan can raise extra capital due to the obligation of constrained accomplices. There is likewise less administrative work, and it is simpler to oversee than enterprise. Choosing the best type of business is a key choice that business visionaries face. This is a significant choice due to the suggestions it brings to the business, with respect to its continuous legitimate and expense outcomes. The best type of business will rely upon the business objectives and numerous different elements with huge effect on the business execution. Picking the authoritative document is significant to decide the association and execution of any sort of business. Business people must quantify the advantages and disadvantages before embraced any organizations. Word tally: 901 Reference Cheeseman, H. (2010). Business Law (seventh ed. ). Colorado, DE: Prentice Hall. Instructions to refer to Legal Forms of Business Paper, Papers

How To Find Some Amazing Examples Of College Cause Effect Essay

How To Find Some Amazing Examples Of College Cause Effect EssayThere are various samples of college cause effect essay in the market. Students are always busy searching for these types of materials, for use in preparing college essays, dissertations, and tests. Before students undertake to write, they always ask their teachers for samples of essays. The teachers give these essays samples because it makes the essay clearer and therefore more useful for students.Some college essays require the usage of an idea. This idea is then used to elucidate different types of issues that a student might be facing. The objective of these sample essays is to provide students with ideas about the subjects of the college essays. These topics can be related to a topic that they might be looking into. For example, one example of a sample essay which helps students solve a philosophical dilemma could be a debate that a person has on animal rights.There are many points that students should take note of w hen they are writing a college subject in these essays. They should remember that what they need to be writing is not a copy of someone else's essay. Students need to express their own opinion. They should not copy or borrow from another writer. They should not use an idea for their essay, because they will find it hard to develop their own ideas and concepts when they have borrowed an idea from another source.It is recommended that students look for samples of college cause effect essay at websites that offer samples of college essays. The websites offer great samples, both from famous and lesser known writers. Students should compare these essays with their own and try to find examples of their own writing style.Students should also not be concerned about the age of the writer when they are writing these college essays. Many writers with very young appearance are quite proficient. It is not their fault. The first step in writing a college essay is to set the tone. This step involv es the use of humor, irony, sarcasm, or irony. There are some people who cannot write well when there is no hint of humor. That is why students should always try to avoid too much seriousness, as this will make their essays confusing.There are also other steps involved in writing a college essay, which include having a theme, and setting the stage. Once these are accomplished, the next step would be to research the subject of the essay. It is also important to remember that writers have the choice to copy and paste certain sentences from the others, but in no way should they plagiarize.There are lots of ways by which students can choose samples of college subject in their writing. Students should always keep a record of each step they take in the process. This would prove useful when the students are writing their college essays. These samples would allow them to finish their college essays in the shortest time possible.

Pro Wrestling - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1062 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? I’m glad because I’m given opportunity to give a speech here in this very morning. My speech is about pro wrestling, whether they are real or they are just a show. Around half century ago, there were few shows founded. One of them is World Wrestling Federation (WWF), which is now known as World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which is now the biggest show. This show was founded by Vince J. McMahon and Toots Mondt. WWE has 4 shows recently, Monday Night Raw LIVE on the USA network 9/8 pm, Tuesday Night NXT on Sci Fi network 10/9 pm, Thursday Night Superstars on WGN America network 8/9 pm, Friday Night Smack down on my Network Tv 8/9pm. Monday Night Raw just reached 900th episode at 30 August 2010. Research shows that, Monday Night Raw had won some sports tv like ESPN, Fox Sports, NBA, NASCAR and many more. In my opinion, professional wrestling is just a show. There are reasons why I felt so; professional wrestling are scripted and the matches are predetermined. Winner or loser of the match is already decided before the match starts. Professional wrestlers also practice the in-ring action before the match starts. They have to practice to slam opponent but no to hurt the opponent, who is very difficult and need to practise a lot. There are storyline for professional wrestling. Crowds like the storyline more than the wrestling itself. That’s why they buy the merchandise to show how they support the professional wrestlers. However, some of the professional wrestler bleeds during the match. This is real, but this is caused by accident; they really do hit each other. PROS The very first thing you need to understand about professional wrestling is that it’s fake. I hope that I’m not ruining anyone’s fun here, but all those professional wrestlers are just some great actors. All matches are predetermined and scripted months before by bookers, which means some matches are already decided which wrestler become the g ood guy and which wrestler become the bad guy. Even the behind-the-scenes action or in-the-ring action are predetermined, and the wrestlers develop their own characters according the script by the help of the writers and executives. For an example, a wrestler switches allegiances or team up against a third party based on the storyline. Audience often shocked by the reaction of the restler, thanks to the creative writer of the script. One professional wrestler may have many characteristics, depending on which script they in. They wrestle out of their own personalities, which is why they are actors. The storylines are more interesting than wrestling itself for some of the fans. The effectiveness of storylines to enhance interest in professional wrestling was proved. Like I mentioned above, Monday Night Raw had just reached 900th episode and it had been a better show than some other sports channel! Mr McMahon called this as sports entertainment. It is indeed an entertainment, because p rofessional wrestlers are not engaged in a competition, since the outcome of the matches are already decided; crowd are aggressive nowadays, so it is entertaining for them, as the storyline is as absurd as the soap theatre. Professional wrestler is not an easy job: they have to be athletes, performer, stunt-person, actors (like I mentioned above), and most importantly they must have the ability to heal from the injuries faster than normal person, they must also not let those injuries visible to the crowd. It is never easy to become a professional wrestler and it takes time. Things like how to land punches, how to slam your opponent, how to fall so that you won’t get injured, how execute wrestling moves properly and make them look like real, and that entire sort of thing; it takes time to master those things. For an example, â€Å"Piledriver†, one of the wrestling moves, they have to hold their opponent higher than their knees, so that the force of the moves is on th e knees, and not on his opponent’s head. If you ever tried to execute wrestling moves at home, you may have broken someone else’s neck! Although the outcome of the matches are always predetermined, but thing is not always goes perfectly as planned. For sure, good wrestlers can improvise what happens during the match. Some matches are practiced move by move, but most just the outcome and some major happenings decided earlier. For example, two wrestlers might go into a match knowing which of them will win, who will start out dominant, which will interfere in the match, and what move will finish off the loser. In accordance with the wrestler’s skill, they will make up the rest of the match as they go along. They generally cooperate to make the match become better and look good, and they often whisper moves to each other during the match. Crowds are easily influenced by this storyline based professional wrestling. They will threat some of the professional wres tlers as their idol and keep cheering for them for anything those professional wrestlers do. Here are the business tricks; they sell professional wrestler’s merchandise. To show how much they love and support for their idol, crowds will buy the merchandise. Not only merchandise, professional wrestling also have magazine. People who love wrestling will subscribe to the magazine. Professional wrestler will also interact with their fans. This is how they earn profit from the crowds. This shows that professional wrestling are just like a show. However, it is real when wrestlers bleed. They rarely use fake blood. They always use razor blade to cut themselves when it is time for them to bleed. This usually occurs when his opponent executed finishing move on himself. When he cut himself, is it called â€Å"blading† while when he bleeds, it is called â€Å"juicing†. When a wrestler’s opponent executed finishing move, he will quickly cut himself across the f orehead, which will produce enough blood to give him a convincingly battered appearance. But if they cut themselves anywhere else, it would be extremely dangerous. Sometimes they bleed from actually contact. Even they try to pull their punches, accidents will also happen as they really do hit each other. They called this bleeding as â€Å"hardway†. Professional wrestling is just a show, it is not reality. But it is still an entertaining show though professional wrestling is fake in most way. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pro Wrestling" essay for you Create order

Distracted Driving Annotated Bibliography - 1727 Words

Annotated Bibliography Distracted Driving. Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 6 Mar. 2013. In this article â€Å"Distracted Driving†, many distractions are mentioned other than just cell phone usage, such as changing the radio station or driving with kids in the back seat. It is stated that the dangers from distracted driving are because of the decrease in brain function and inability to pay full attention to the road. These practices lead to wrecks and in many cases death. This article is written by writers for the Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection from Gale Database. Because this database is well known and used at a variety of high schools, this†¦show more content†¦Web. 8 Mar. 2013. Copeland discusses the impact parents have on their children, more specifically teens, while driving. When parents perform distracting tasks while driving, they are teaching their kids that it is okay to do. Copeland surveyed pa rents and teens about how often the parents use their phone when driving. Copeland’s article is meant to inform parents of their effects on teen’s driving behaviors. Their actions behind the wheel let their children know what is okay to do and what is not. If parents are aware of this then it would help them try to set a good example. This academic journal is a reliable source that comes from the database Academic Search Elite, provided by school’s online database systems. This article about parent’s distractions can be used to show that poor driving is not just practiced by teens. The teens that use their phone or groom themselves while driving very well could have been learned by their parents. Although distractions are a problem amongst teens, in a persuasive essay Copeland’s article would help claim that teens are not the only distracted drivers. Copeland, Larry. Most Teens Still Driving While Distracted. USA Today 2 Aug. 2010.: Academic Search Elite. Web. 13 Mar. 2013 Copeland’s article about teen driving claims that teens know the consequences of distracted driving. However, they continue to use their phones and participate in such behaviors. Copeland states that mostShow MoreRelatedAn Annotated Bibliography : Social Media And Depression1950 Words   |  8 PagesAn Annotated Bibliography Social Media and Depression Becker, M. W., Alzahabi, R., Hopwood, C. J. (2013). Media Multitasking Is Associated with Symptoms of Depression and Social Anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior Social Networking, 16(2), 132-135. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0291 Media multitasking is associated with symptoms of depression and social anxiety according to Mark W. Becker, Reem Alzahabi, and Christopher J. Hopwood’s study. These people conducted an experiment containing 318 participantsRead MoreIs Technology Really Making Life Easier?5158 Words   |  21 Pagesyou know that one of the main causes of car crashes are that people are texting while they are driving? That is a huge problem. Several studies show cell phones are a leading cause of car crashes. It is estimated that cell phone distracted drivers are four times more likely to be in a car wreck. Cell phones cause over 200 deaths and half a million injuries each year. When you are texting while driving, you are more focused on your phone than on the road. As a result your speed can change very quicklyRead MoreEvidence based practice, task 1 Essay9249 Words   |  37 Pagesusage. Recent research links bedside handover to improved patient safety outcomes. More comprehensive studies are needed to test the validities of these assertions and ascertain if bedside handover is a patient safety initiative. There are numerous driving forces that are making this method of shift to shift communication an increasingly popular strategy. â€Å"One of The Joint Commissions on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) 2010 National patient Safety Goals (NPSG) was to improve shift

Oskar Schindler in Schindler’s List Essay Paper Example For Students

Oskar Schindler in Schindler’s List Essay Paper Social distance can be defined as ‘A movement away from another person or group that may include all or part of the following forms of separation; physical, mental, emotional, spiritual or social which permanently or momentarily severs a relationship of closeness. ’ In the Best Picture Academy Award winning film, Schindlers List, the viewer is led directly into the the horrors of a social structure gone completely awry. Many who watch this film are left asking how such an event could have taken place. How so many people could just sit idly by as this destructive plague ran rampant. The truth is much less dramatic and more logical. Adolf Hitler systematically broke down the State Institutions made to keep order and safety; which later became the catalyst for the dehumanization and genocide of an entire race. By using his charismatic authority he convinced and later forced Germany and its population to relinquish all power to him. The film is portrayed through the life experience of Oskar Schindler and his capitalist journey to take advantage of the social forces in play. We will write a custom essay on Oskar Schindler in Schindler’s List Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The first of the institutions he took over was the political branch. Hitler used German pride to rally supporters, making it easier to sway them to his beliefs. He promised a glorious super powered Germany in the future. He used propaganda to make a false belief that the Jews were an inferior race and were to blame for the Nation’s economic trouble. Once this mindset was shared by the majority of the German population, they became eager to rise to its former greatness no matter what the repercussions. Through his charismatic behavior he poisoned the people into believing his lies, leaving behind reason, wisdom, logic, and their humanity. After WWI Germany as a Nation was struggling to recuperate from the effect of the war. Its economic state was frugal at best, those few who had money were hesitant to spend. The poor were eager to find something or someone to believe in and so the prospect of Hitler taking care of everything was an option worth considering. Schindler was also someone who wanted to use this to his advantage, he saw that people were changing and quickly sided with the new rising Nazi party. It is clear that during the film he was purely following his capitalist desire; it did not matter that others were facing turmoil, and death so long as he got his slice of the cake. This attitude was shared by most of Germany, as many neighbors and families turned on one another. The Jewish people were stripped of their rights, belongings and homes which were then distributed to the German Army Officers. Once the Jews were stripped of their wealth they no longer had power, or a voice. The non-Jewish families which served to pass memes, morals, values and beliefs was used to pass on the core beliefs that the Aryan race was the supreme race. Jewish families were ripped apart, children betraying parents. Entire neighborhoods were evacuated and its cultures lost, even best friends became enemies turning on each other. Without the bonds that people have to one another compassion and empathy is relinquished. They dehumanized the Jews, taking no pity and most rejoiced at their departure. The next step taken to ensure that no one would stand against him was to destroy the Jewish religion and mosques. By using military force Hitler banned the practice and instilled his own beliefs on the population. He enforced the belief of a supreme race, the Aryan race that was the definition of an ideal German. Hitler gave them every reason to hate the Jews claiming their race was inferior to theirs. The spirituality of the Nation as a whole was stripped. Fear and superstition took over their common sense, leading them to make thee biggest single act of genocide the world has ever experienced. .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f , .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f .postImageUrl , .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f , .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f:hover , .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f:visited , .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f:active { border:0!important; } .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f:active , .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u920979efb3141917484e1593bde2967f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My chosen topic is women and film EssayReligion was to be faith under Hitler’s banner and nothing more. Oskar Schindler, throughout the movie, changed into a better wiser man, saving the lives of many Jewish prisoners by giving up his wealth. He found that he did not believe in their morals, values of the Nazis and was no longer was blinded by a capitalist greed. He saved the lives of future generations because he courageously refused to allow himself to look the other way. Oskar Schindler regained his compassion for his fellow human beings and that was what ended up giving him some inner peace. Although he regretted not being able to save more people, it was the lesson that reverberates at the end of the movie. A story of Humanity and the lesson of what will happen if we do nothing. We must never allow ourselves to forget that the world stood still during the years that led to this colossal event of death, it was the world’s darkest hour since the crusades, or the black plague. What is more irritating is that other governments and countries waited until too many lives were lost in vain and only stepped in after they themselves were threatened. As a society we can work together to help ensure this doesnt occur again. This can be achieved by keeping the government’s power in check, and ensuring that the people continue to have a voice, an influence, and making sure we continue to be a democracy. The Nazis started out as a rather small faction but they slowly creeped their way up, becoming a totalitarian state and Germany’s controlling force. Which means that no matter how small a threat may be, if we allow it to gain power, what is to stop it from happening again if we dont?

The Nature of Organizational Learning in the Indian Firms

Abstract The main focus of this study is to examine organizational learning and knowledge among Indian companies. The study also pays special attention on the influence of the local culture, customs, traditions and business practices on the organizational learning and knowledge among Indian firms.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Nature of Organizational Learning in the Indian Firms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study relied mainly on the secondary data and personal experience in collecting and analyzing information relating to organizational learning practices in India and how they are affected by culture and customs. This paper does not investigate the probability of an organizational performance impacting on the learning capacity, which may be possible, and the researcher acknowledges this as a limitation of the study. Future studies carried out on the same subject may explore this further. Introduc tion Indian economy in the in the recent years have seen considerably transformation in its business environment. Since independence, the Indian economy was state controlled until the World Bank and IMF intervened in 1990 that it became a free market economy. A number of reforms have been witnessed in all sectors of its economy including liberalization of its foreign market (Leitch et al. 1996). This study is based on the work of the earlier scholars who explored the nature of organizational learning in the Indian firms, their main features and the challenges these organizations were facing following liberalization of the Indian economy (Budhwar 2003). In the early 90’s, Indian organizations were very closed to competition and were operating in a secure and steady business environment and therefore any learning that was taking place within these organizations was at a singlet loop learning. However, with the liberalization of the Indian economy many organizations started expe riencing myriad challenges of globalization, portfolio management, advancement in technology, introduction of novel systems and professionalism, thus the need to transform into doubled loop learning (Budhwar 2003).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Liberalized Indian economy and the stiff global competition have put a lot of pressure on the Indian firms, thus are making a lot of effort to improve and develop their staff to counter these challenges (Budhwar 2003). Expatriates in India are known to be very knowledgeable and skillful. The Indian Human Resources departments are also in relentless pressure to establish wide scale professional transformation in line with the new technology and the global market. Therefore, drawing of the organization learning of the Indian leadership from the strategic Human Resources perspective is very important in this study (Jakubik 2008). Lite rature Review Cases where organization learning can be a disaster Organization learning can either be beneficial or disastrous to a business entity. Organizations can learn wrong ideas for instance manufacturing products with low demand in the market or making false conclusions. Thus, learning process does not always have t o be beneficial in all cases and scholars should move away from the conception of organization learning as an effective and efficient instrument in achieving organizational productivity (Nidumolu et al. 2001). Counterproductive performance implications of organization learning are also very common. Superstitious form of organization learning takes place when organizations translates certain events as results/outcome of learning process when the reality is that there is no link whatsoever between learning and the results (Hong 2008). In a usual circumstance there several factors that can mutually influence the outcome in an organization. At times people rely on th e historical events that led to success to bring success in the present and in the future. This at many times can cause catastrophe especially in the case where business environment changes so fast. There is also case of competency trap when organizations opt for a substandard technology based on experimental results and keep on using it even when there is superior alternative (Gourlay 2006).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Nature of Organizational Learning in the Indian Firms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ð ¡onception of organization knowledge To be noted is that in Indian organization, Knowledge is shaped through well connected, constant interaction of two categories of knowledge and that is explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge. Explicit knowledge is the type of knowledge that can be expressed in languages and is objective, while tacit knowledge is the type which is extremely personal and is very di fficult to express and convey (Teece 2007). Examples of tacit knowledge include technical skills represented in day-to-day knowledge of crafts persons and personal skills that characterize individual approach and beliefs. Examples of explicit knowledge are scientific formulas and specifications of product (Enriches Lim 2005). There are four styles of knowledge creation in these organization namely; externalization, internalization, socialization and combination of knowledge. According to Hong (2008), â€Å"externalization is the transformation of tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge while internalization is the conversion of explicit knowledge into a tacit knowledge†. Socialization involves conversion of an individual tacit knowledge into another person’s tacit knowledge, while a combination entails conversion of one’s explicit knowledge into another person’s explicit knowledge (Hong 2008). The transformational process in an organization can well be u nderstood through these knowledge creation processes. Traditional information processing models are giving way to the new models of knowledge creation in organizations. The succession of the four methods of knowledge creation has resulted in an upward spiral of knowledge in some of the Indian organizations and fastens additional knowledge creation at higher level (Jakubik 2008). Indian manufacturing superiority is attributed to their experience-geared, practical methodology of knowledge and this is a big contrast of the language –geared methods used in European nations and US. Experience is analogue type and entails processing of knowledge of vibrant nature; while language geared methodology is static, digital type of knowledge that exhibits a state of affair of a particular object at a specific point in time (Jakubik 2008). The relationship between these two types of knowledge is jointly compensative. Since analogue type of knowledge is mostly tacit and is engrave in an indi vidual thus hard to be expressed and communicated to others. In the social context of the lower labor mobility in India, the development and progression of personal expertise is very important for the buildup of production technology. Most companies in India have become successful by converting analogue, tacit knowledge into digital, explicit knowledge common in most advanced production facilities (Hong 2008).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Learning process Organizational learning in all organizations entails four unified processes and these are discovery, intervention, creation and generalization. Learning process starts with the discovery of gaps between the real and the expected outcomes (Gourlay 2006). Intervention includes identifying the cause of the error and finding the necessary solution to the problem. Production entails implementation of the solutions and generalization entails drawing of appropriate conclusion and using the results in future or the same problem. Learning process assist employees of an organization to use the knowledge they have acquired to transform and enhance the organization. Models of learning in organizations emphasizes on leadership and administration, culture and communication mechanisms. In organizational learning top leadership provides support to the group learning and individual persons (Monika Toyama 2007). Learning in networks Learning networks are mechanisms through which lear ning can be facilitated within an organization. These mechanisms can be specifically valuable in building up formal and informal networks in the organization. Intra organization networks are significant since they improve the chances of securing an individual knowledge and diffusing it across the organization. Informality permits knowledge about complex issues and solutions to be passed extensively in the organization as well as playing an important part in spreading tacit knowledge (Tregaskies 2003). One of the most significant elements of networking in an organization is the organizational structure. Organization structure refers to the well-established model of relationships among different constituents or components within an organization. Organization structure is further split into formal and informal structure. Formal structures are well planed and enable an organization to meet its objective effectively and efficiently. It is through formal structure that decision-making pro cess takes place following the organization’s hierarchy. Informal structure on the other hand confines all relationship patterns that are not openly designed. This structure materializes as a result of complex interaction among employees of an organization. Informal interpersonal networks play a very important role in the learning process in organizations (Pritchard 2000). It also enhances formal structures by offering support to the top leadership, ensuring stable business environment, and acts as effective communication channel. However, the informal networks can also result to the generation of erroneous information or opposition to the transformation desired by the management (Tregaskies et al. 2005). Multinational networks One of the traditional methods used by multinational companies in India to pass knowledge across its branches internationally was through deployment of its staff or expatriates across different countries. Expatriates developed a knowledge warehouse fro m exposure to variety of situations and cultures which benefited these organizations massively. They developed a wide range of ideas and view in their assignments that was drawn by the organization to enhance their competitive advantage (Tregaskies 2003). Besides this, there are several structural mechanisms that were used by these organizations and these are international project teams or task force, steering committees, international informal networks and international boards. These structural devices provided a different learning experience to the traditional method of using expatriates. Use of the local people is specifically useful in helping local workers who are unfamiliar with the goals, technologies and managerial practices of the multinational organization. These devices are also important in developing global innovation since they take into consideration the local factors. The above devices offset the disadvantages of using expatriates (Tregaskies 2003). Whilst benefiting and conveying knowledge from internal interactions and networks can be of substantial advantage, the development of networks with the outsiders is equally important. These external networks provide the Indian organizations with access to skills and knowledge that was not available in their organization. Specifically, network creation with the research and development organs, suppliers, and even the competitors presented the organizations with new expertise and knowledge (Tregaskies et al 2005). Barriers to learning in an organization The most logical discussion of barriers to effective organizational learning was first provided by Olsen and March in 1975. Their list was further expounded by a number of authors including Harsh in 2009. Budhwar (2003) conducted a series of study to establish different barriers of organizational learning in India against the fundamental changes that were taking place. There are four major factors that create interruption in the learning process within Indian organizations and these are individual beliefs, personal actions, managerial action, and environmental response. Interruption linked to individual beliefs and action results when and individual’s role in an organization is restricted and is not able to learn. This is also known as role constrained learning. The other set of individual interruption is experienced when a person modifies their behavior but the effects of these acts on the organizational conduct and action is indistinctness. In this case, individual learning and development of skills ensues but adaptation to the organization’s environment does dot essentially takes place (Pritchard 2000). Another barrier to the learning process in Indian organizations occurs when employees of an organization makes erroneous conclusions in relation to the effects of an organizational actions to the environment. This also called superstitious learning. The other barrier is learning under ambiguity and occurs when rea sons for changes in an organizational environment are unclear or cannot be identified. This also occurs when the connection between environmental response and individual learning is broken up (Teece 2007). Another barrier to the organizational learning in India is the situational learning which refers to the situation where learning occurs but is either forgotten or not documented/ stored for future use and is a very common occurrence in crisis management. In this case learning takes place but does not transform individual mental models and thus have no long-term effect on an individual since leaning specific for a particular situation. In such cases individual benefits from the knowledge in solving immediate problem but does not sustain it to help in solving future reoccurrence of the same problem (Harsh 2009). Fragmented learning is another barrier to the learning process in Indian organizations and takes place when only an individual or a section of individuals within an organiza tion gets to learn but not the whole organization. This kind of barrier is common among the decentralized organizations that lack networking ability to reach all the departments/individuals within an organization. The most common case of this problem arises when each department has experts in a particular subject but the whole organization cannot apply these skills or knowledge (Tregaskies et al. 2005). Another type of barrier to effective learning in Indian organizations is referred to as opportunistic learning. This is in most cases is not considered as a barrier but rather a strategy to evade normal procedures of an organization to partly achieve learning. This occurs when certain clique of individuals in organization want to cut the link between the shared knowledge and organization’s action in order to grab an opportunity that cannot hang around for the entire organization to be transformed or is not desirable for the transformation of the organization (Halal 2006). Meth odology Data collection and analysis The study relied mainly on the secondary data and personal experience in analyzing organizational learning practices in India. The study pays special focus on the influence of the local culture, customs, traditions and business practices on the organizational learning and knowledge among Indian firms. Most the materials used in the study was obtained from the ministry of human resource development and ministry of labor and employment offices in Mumbai. Other materials were acquired from the government library and internet sources. Literature review provided more insight of the industry and expound on the researchers experience within Indian business sector. This chapter encompassed the in-depth discussions of significant subject, which included the limitations of the study. There is a logical presentation of study methods to offer further assistance to emerging and existing researchers. Based on a study by Saunders et al. (2007), the research con sequently progressed from philosophy of the study, approach, strategic applications, study plan, data gathering advancements and substantiation of results. The theoretical framework of this study was based on the causes, effects, and solutions of organizational learning and knowledge in India. Findings Significance of organizational learning among Indian companies Indian market is becoming g increasingly dynamic and has established itself among the world dominant business centers. This can be proven through a variety of available economic indicators. Organizations operating or about to operate in the Indian market have no other option but to embrace organizational learning and knowledge to get familiar with the Indian market and to develop custom products for different markets within the Indian economy (Jakubik 2008). The study found out that there is escalated significance attached to the human resource development (Denton1998). This is proved by the availability of the in-house tr aining and development facilities in many companies within the public sector. In support of the literature reviews, the study also established that top management tend to focus more on the new ideas for change, but disregard the element of organization process, which facilitates the flow of knowledge and information in different units within the organization. The study also showed a significant disparity between the Indian firms and their foreign counterpart in terms of the organizational learning capacity thus supporting the study carried out by Budhwar (2003). The results from the study found out that the private companies in India were swifter in responding to the organizational changes within and without. A number of scholars have shown a lot of influence of the Japanese models of management in Indian companies. From the researchers personal point of view there is a linear relationship between the company’s financial turnover and the organizational learning capacity. This result is partially supported by the study of Dierkes et al. (2001), who suggested a positive correlation between organizational learning practices and the financial performance of the companies. Influence of culture and customs on the learning process From the study, we found out that most Indian companies have effective and durable learning in a centralized and hierarchical organizational structure in addition to the decentralized structure. Organizational culture, structure and leadership forms the most significant drivers of learning and knowledge in Indian organizations. For that reason, any attempt to alter organization structure without adjusting organizational culture plus the leadership style, in most cases result to lack of improvement or acts as obstacle to organizational learning (Dierkes et al. 2001) Among Indian companies, organization culture acts as a sieve for recognizing and comprehending information within these companies. The mental model engraved in these cultu res affects the way employees of these companies perceive transformation in the social, political and technological surrounding that necessitates organization to learn (Jakubik 2008). The mental model in organizational culture dictates value of knowledge and creates the team or individual who is significant holder of knowledge and authentic agent of the learning process. Organizational culture among the Indian companies is often subdivided or distinct between different departments or profession, therefore learning becomes hard to be evenly enforced within a company (Dierkes et al., 2001). The custom in these culture especially those that deals with challenges within an organization also affects the organizational course to learning. For instance, companies that put a lot of limitation or based on dictatorial leadership which punishes employees who deviated from the customs of the organization have found it more difficult to convince their workers to learning process (Dierkes et al., 2001). Conclusion The findings of the study reflect the significance of organization learning and knowledge and its improvement in Indian managers. This study provides authenticity to measuring of the organizational learning capacity in Indian companies. The response from the managers is based on type of ownership and the type of industry with ICT sector and the Multinational companies leading. These two sectors exhibits excellent development and capabilities, however their manager’s feels environmental assessment and conservation should be given a priority. The ICT sector is presently focusing on the level of growth and the advancement of information communication technology, which is the basis for the organizational learning capacity. The public sector and the manufacturing sector in India exhibits an average score when it comes to organizational learning capacity. All the same, the performance of organizations in India and the rest of the world are significantly influence d by the organizational learning capacity. The study finds massive implications for the organizational learning capacity of managers in Indian companies, cased in the context of learning economy following the reforms. 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